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Baldwin Hamilton Serial Number

I recently purchased a 1976 Baldwin Hamilton Studio Upright for $350. I was wondering if anyone knows a blue book value on this model. Serial number 301259. Finding the Serial Number on Your Piano. Pianos almost always have a serial number somewhere. They can be in unusual places and this page shows some of the places to find the serial number.

The Baldwin Locomotive Works (BLW) was an American manufacturer of railroadlocomotives from 1825 to 1956. Originally located in Philadelphia, it moved to nearby Eddystone, Pennsylvania, in the early 20th century. The company was for decades the world's largest producer of steam locomotives, but struggled to compete as demand switched to diesel locomotives. Baldwin produced the last of its 70,000-plus locomotives in 1956 and went out of business in 1972.

The company has no relation to the E.M. Baldwin and Sons locomotive builder of New South Wales, Australia.

• 1History: 19th century
• 2History: 20th century
• 3Locomotives

History: 19th century[edit]

Beginning[edit]

The Baldwin Locomotive Works had a humble beginning. Matthias W. Baldwin, the founder, was a jeweller and whitesmith,^[2] who, in 1825, formed a partnership with machinist David H. Mason, and engaged in the manufacture of bookbinders' tools and cylinders for calico printing. Baldwin then designed and constructed for his own use a small stationary engine, the workmanship of which was so excellent and its efficiency so great that he was solicited to build others like it for various parties, and thus led to turn his attention to steam engineering. The original engine was in use and powered many departments of the works for well over 60 years, and is currently on display at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC.

In 1831, at the request of the Philadelphia Museum, Baldwin built a miniature locomotive for exhibition which was such a success that he received that year an order from a railway company for a locomotive to run on a short line to the suburbs of Philadelphia. The Camden and Amboy Railroad Company (C&A) had shortly before imported a locomotive (John Bull) from England, which was stored in Bordentown, New Jersey. It had not yet been assembled by Isaac Dripps (under the direction of C&A president Robert L. Stevens) when Baldwin visited the spot. He inspected the detached parts and made notes of the principal dimensions.^[3][4] Aided by these figures, he commenced his task.

The difficulties attending the execution of this first order were such that they are not easily understood by present-day mechanics. Modern machine tools simply did not exist; the cylinders were bored by a chisel fixed in a block of wood and turned by hand; the workmen had to be taught how to do nearly all the work; and Baldwin himself did a great deal of it with his own hands.

It was under such circumstances that his first locomotive, christened Old Ironsides, was completed and tried on the Philadelphia, Germantown and Norristown Railroad on November 23, 1832. It was at once put in active service, and did duty for over 20 years. It was a four-wheeled engine, weighing a little over five tons; the driving wheels were 54 inches (1.4 m) in diameter, and the cylinders were of 9¹⁄₂ inches (24 cm) bore by 18 inches (46 cm) stroke. The wheels were of heavy cast iron hubs, with wooden spokes and rims, and wrought iron tires, and the frame was made of wood placed outside the wheels. It had a 30 inches (0.76 m) diameter boiler which took 20 minutes to raise steam. Top speed was 28 mph (45 km/h).^[5]

Early years[edit]

Baldwin struggled to survive the Panic of 1837. Production fell from 40 locomotives in 1837 to just nine in 1840 and the company was heavily in debt.^[6] As part of the survival strategy, Matthias Baldwin took on two partners, George Vail and George Hufty. Although the partnerships proved relatively short-lived, they helped Baldwin pull through the economic hard times.

Zerah Colburn was one of many engineers who had a close association with Baldwin Locomotive Works. Between 1854 (and the start of his weekly paper, the Railroad Advocate) and 1861, when Colburn went to work more or less permanently in London, England, the journalist was in frequent touch with M. W. Baldwin, as recorded in Zerah Colburn: The Spirit of Darkness. Colburn was full of praise for the quality of Baldwin's work.

In the 1850s, railroad building became a national obsession,^[7] with many new carriers starting up, particularly in the Midwest and South. While this helped drive up demand for Baldwin products, it also increased competition as more companies entered the locomotive production field.^[7]

Still, Baldwin had trouble keeping pace with orders and in the early 1850s began paying workers piece-rate pay.^[8] Taking advantage of human nature, this increased incentives and productivity. By 1857, the company turned out 66 locomotives and employed 600 men. But another economic downturn, this time the Panic of 1857, cut into business again. Output fell by 50 percent in 1858.^[9]

1860–1899[edit]

The Civil War at first appeared disastrous for Baldwin. According to John K. Brown in The Baldwin Locomotive Works, 1831-1915: A Study in American Industrial Practice, at the start of the conflict Baldwin had a great dependence on Southern railways as its primary market. In 1860, nearly 80 percent of Baldwin's output went to carriers in states that would soon secede from the Union.^[10] As a result, Baldwin's production in 1861 fell more than 50 percent compared to the previous year.^[10] However, the loss in Southern sales was counterbalanced by purchases by the U.S. Military Railroads and the Pennsylvania Railroad, which saw its traffic soar, as Baldwin produced more than 100 engines for carriers during the 1861–1865 war.^[10]

By the time Matthias Baldwin died in 1866, his company was vying with Rogers Locomotive and Machine Works for the top spot among locomotive producers.^[11] By 1870 Baldwin had taken the lead and a decade later, it was producing 2½ times as many engines as its nearest competitor, according to the U.S. Manufacturing Census.^[12]

In 1897 the Baldwin Locomotive Works was presented as one of the examples of successful shop management in a series of articles by Horace Lucian Arnold.^[14] The article specifically described the Piece Rate System used in the shop management.

Burton (1899) commented, that 'in the Baldwin Locomotive Works... piecework rates are seldom altered... Some rates have remained unchanged for the past twenty years, and a workman is there more highly esteemed when he can, by his own exertions and ability, increase his weekly earnings. He has an absolute incentive to increase his output as much as he possibly can, because he knows that he will not, by increasing his own income, lead to cutting piece-work rates, and so be forced to make still further exertions in order to maintain the same weekly wage.'^[15]

History: 20th century[edit]

Initially, Baldwin built many more steam locomotives at its cramped 196 acres (0.79 km²) Broad Street Philadelphia shop^[16] but would begin an incremental shift in production to a 616 acres (2.49 km²) site located at Spring Street in nearby Eddystone, Pennsylvania, in 1906. Broad Street was constricted, but even so, it was a huge complex, occupying the better part of 8 square city blocks from Broad to 18th Streets and Spring Garden Street to the Reading tracks just past Noble Street. Eddystone on the other hand was spread out over 600 acres. Its capacity was well over 3000 locomotives per year. The move from Broad Street was completed in the late 1920s.

Gilded age[edit]

The American railroad industry expanded significantly between 1898 and 1907, with domestic demand for locomotives hitting its highest point in 1905.^[17] Baldwin's business boomed during this period while it modernized its Broad Street facilities. Despite this boom, Baldwin faced many challenges including the constraints of space in the Philadelphia facility, inflation, increased labor costs, Labor tensions, the substantial increase in the size of the locomotives being manufactured and the formation of the American Locomotive Company, an aggressive competitor which eventually became known simply as Alco.^[18]

From 1904 to 1943, Baldwin and Westinghouse marketed Baldwin-Westinghouse electric locomotives and A.C. electrification of railroads, particularly to the New Haven Railroad.

In 1906 the Hepburn Act authorized greater governmental authority over railroad companies, and revitalized the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), which stepped up its activities. The ICC was given the power to set maximum railroad rates, and to replace existing rates with “just-and-reasonable” maximum rates, as defined by the ICC.^[19]

The limitation on railroad rates depreciated the value of railroad securities, and meant that railroads stopped ordering new equipment, including locomotives. This may have been a factor in precipitating the Panic of 1907, which in turn disrupted finance and investment in new plants.^{[citation needed]} Both of these events had a direct negative effect on the railroad industry, especially the locomotive builders.^[20]

Baldwin's locomotive output dropped from 2,666 in 1906 to 614 in 1908.^[17] The company cut its workforce from 18,499 workers in 1907 to 4,600 the following year.^[21] Baldwin's business was further imperiled when William P. Henszey, one of Baldwin's partners, died. His death left Baldwin with a US$6 million liability.^[17] In response, Baldwin incorporated and released US$10 million worth of bonds.^[17]Samuel Vauclain wanted to use these funds to expand Baldwin's capacities so it would be prepared for another boom.^[17] While other Baldwin officers opposed this expansion, Vauclain's vision won out; Baldwin would continue to expand its Eddystone plant until its completion in 1928.^[17] By 1928, the company moved all locomotive production to this location, though the plant would never exceed more than one-third of its production capacity.^[22]

World War I[edit]

Baldwin was an important contributor to the Allied war effort in World War I. Baldwin built 5,551 locomotives for the Allies including separate designs for Russian, French, British and United States trench railways. Baldwin built railway gun carriages for the United States Navy and manufactured 6,565,355 artillery shells for Russia, England and the United States. From 1915 to 1918, Remington Arms subcontracted the production of nearly 2 million Pattern 1914 Enfield and M1917 Enfield rifles to the Baldwin Locomotive Works. Baldwin expanded their Eddystone, Pennsylvania, shop opened in 1905 into the Eddystone Arsenal which manufactured most of these rifles and artillery shells before being converted to locomotive shops when the war ended.^[23]

After the end of World War I Baldwin continued to supply export orders, as the European powers strove to replace large numbers of locomotives worn out by the war effort and European locomotive factories were still re-tooling from armaments production back to railroad production. In 1919 and 1920 Baldwin supplied 50 4-6-0 locomotives to the Palestine Military Railway that became the Palestine Railways H class.^[24]

Decline[edit]

After the boom years of World War I and its aftermath, Baldwin's business would decline as the Great Depression gripped the country and diesel locomotives became the growth market on American railways at the end of the 1930s. During the 1920s the major locomotive manufacturers had strong incentives to maintain the dominance of the steam engine.^[25] The Baldwin-Westinghouse consortium, which had produced electric locomotives since 1904, was in fact the first American locomotive builder to develop a road diesel locomotive, in 1925.^[26] Its twin-engine design was not successful, and the unit was scrapped after a short testing and demonstration period.^[27] Westinghouse and Baldwin collaborated again in 1929 to build switching and road locomotives (the latter through Baldwin's subsidiary Canadian Locomotive Company). The road locomotives, Canadian National No. 9000 and No. 9001, proved expensive, unreliable, frequently out of service, and were soon retired.^[28] Westinghouse cancelled its efforts in the diesel locomotive field with the onset of the Great Depression, opting to supply electrical parts instead.^[29] The early, unsuccessful efforts of Baldwin-Westinghouse in developing diesel-electric locomotion for mainline service led Baldwin in the 1930s to discount the possibility that diesel could replace steam.^[30] In 1930 Samuel Vauclain, Chairman of the Board, stated in a speech that advances in steam technology would ensure the dominance of the steam engine until at least 1980.^[31] Baldwin's Vice President and Director of Sales stated in December 1937 that 'Some time in the future, when all this is reviewed, it will be found that our railroads are no more dieselized than they electrified'.^[31] Baldwin had deep roots in the steam locomotive industry and may have been influenced by heavy investment in its Eddystone plant, which had left them overextended financially and operating at a fraction of capacity as the market for steam locomotives declined in the 1930s.^[30]

In contrast, ALCO, while remaining committed to steam production, pursued a consistent R&D path centered on diesel switch engines in the 1920s and '30s, which would position them to compete in the future market for diesel locomotives.^[32]

In 1928 Baldwin began an attempt to diversify its product line to include small internal combustion-electric locomotives but the Great Depression thwarted these efforts, eventually leading Baldwin to declare bankruptcy in 1935.^[17] At the invitation of the owners of the Geo D. Whitcomb Company, a small manufacturer of gasoline and diesel industrial locomotives in Rochelle, Illinois, Baldwin agreed to participate in a recapitalization program, purchasing about half of the issued stock. By March 1931 the small firm was in financial trouble and Baldwin filed a voluntary bankruptcy for Whitcomb with Baldwin gaining complete control and creating a new subsidiary, the Whitcomb Locomotive Company. This action would lead to financial losses, an ugly court battle between Baldwin and William Whitcomb, the former owner of the company, and bankruptcy for both parties.^[33][34]

Baldwin lost its dominant position in electric locomotives when the Pennsylvania Railroad selected General Electric'sPRR GG1 instead of Baldwin's design in 1934.

When Baldwin emerged from bankruptcy in 1938 it underwent a drastic change in management.^[30] The new management revived their development efforts with diesel power but the company was already too far behind.^[30] In 1939 Baldwin offered its first standard line of diesel locomotives, all designed for yard service. By this time, GM-EMC was already ramping up production of diesel passenger locomotives and developing its first diesel road freight locomotive.^[35]

As the 1930s drew to a close, Baldwin's coal-country customers such as Pennsylvania Railroad, Chesapeake and Ohio, and Norfolk and Western were more reluctant than other operators to embrace diesel technology, which could undermine the demand for one of their main hauling markets. All three continued to acquire passenger steam locomotives into the early postwar years, as dieselization was gaining momentum elsewhere in the rail industry.

In the late 1930s Baldwin and the Pennsylvania Railroad made an all-in bet on the future of steam in passenger rail service with Baldwin's duplex-drive S1 locomotive. It proved difficult to operate, costly to maintain, and unsuited for its intended service. Baldwin developed a revision of the same basic design with the T1, introduced in 1943. While the T1s were actually used for PRR's long distance express trains, they still had many of the problems of the S1. The whole S1-T1 venture resulted in losses for PRR and investment in a dead-end development effort for Baldwin at a critical time for both companies. In the early 1940s Baldwin embarked upon its efforts to develop steam turbine power, producing the S2 direct-drive turbine locomotive in 1944. Baldwin's steam turbine program failed to produce a single successful design. Baldwin's steam-centered development path had left them flat-footed in the efforts necessary to compete in the postwar diesel market dominated by EMD and ALCO-GE.

World War II[edit]

The United States' entry into World War II impeded Baldwin's diesel development program when the War Production Board dictated that Alco and Baldwin produce only steamers and diesel-electric yard switching engines. The General Motors Electro-Motive Division was assigned the task of producing road freight diesels (namely, the FT series). EMD's distinct advantage over its competitors in that product line in the years that followed World War II, due to the head start in diesel R&D and production, is beyond doubt, however, assigning it solely to WPB directives is questionable. Longtime GM chairman Alfred P. Sloan presented a timeline in his memoir that belies this assumption,^[36] saying that GM's diesel-engine R&D efforts of the 1920s and 1930s, and its application of model design standardization (yielding lower unit costs) and marketing lessons learned in the automotive industry, were the principal reason for EMD's competitive advantage in the late 1940s and afterward (clearly implying that the wartime production assignments were merely nails in a coffin that Baldwin and Lima had already built for themselves before the war). In his telling, the R&D needed to adapt earlier diesels (best suited to marine and stationary use) to locomotive use (more flexible output; higher power-to-weight ratio; more reliable given more vibration and less maintenance) was a capital-intensive project that almost no one among the railroad owners or locomotive builders was willing (latter) or able (former) to invest in during the 1920s and 1930s, save the people of Winton, Electro-Motive, and Charles F. Kettering of the GM Research Corporation.^[36]

Baldwin made steam engines for domestic US railroads, the US Army, British Railways, and made around one thousand E or Ye type engines for the Soviet Union in the Lend Lease arrangement (of an order of 2000 or so engines with other builders contributing to the total).Baldwin was benefited by the petroleum crisis of 1942-43, which boosted demand for their coal-fired steam locomotives while acquisition of EMD's diesel locomotives was in its most restricted period.

In 1943 Baldwin launched its belated road diesel program, producing a prototype 'Centipede' locomotive which was later rebuilt to introduce their first major product in the postwar market.

During World War II Baldwin's contributions to the war effort included not only locomotives and switchers but also tanks. Baldwin was one of the manufacturers of several variants of the M3 tank (M3 Lee, M3A2, M3A3, M3A5) and later the M4 Sherman. A Baldwin subsidiary, the Whitcomb Locomotive Company, produced hundreds of 65-ton diesel electric locomotives for the Army and received the Army-Navy 'E' award for production.^[37] Baldwin ranked 40th among United States corporations in the value of wartime production contracts.^[38]

End[edit]

Between 1940 and 1948, domestic steam locomotive sales declined from 30 percent of the market to 2 percent.^[39] By 1949, there was no demand for steam locomotives.^[39] Baldwin's attempts to adapt to the changed market for road locomotives had been unsuccessful; the reliability of their offerings was unsatisfactory, epitomized by notorious failures such as their 'Centipede' diesel locomotives and their steam turbine-electric locomotives, which proved to be money pits unsuited for their intended service. In July 1948 Westinghouse Electric, which had teamed with Baldwin to build diesel and electric locomotives and wanted to keep their main customer in the rail industry afloat, purchased 500,000 shares, or 21 percent, of Baldwin stock, which made Westinghouse Baldwin's largest shareholder. Baldwin used the money to cover various debts. Westinghouse vice president Marvin W. Smith became Baldwin's president in May 1949. In a move to diversify into the construction equipment market, Baldwin merged with Lima-Hamilton on December 4, 1950, to become Baldwin-Lima-Hamilton. However, Lima-Hamilton's locomotive technology was unused after the merger and market share continued to dwindle. By January, 1952 Baldwin closed its factory in Rochelle, Illinois and consolidated Whitcomb production at Eddystone. In 1953 Westinghouse discontinued building electrical traction equipment, so Baldwin was forced to reconfigure their drive systems based on General Electric equipment. In 1954, during which time they were being virtually shut out of the diesel market, Baldwin delivered one steam turbine-electric locomotive to the Norfolk and Western railroad, which proved unsatisfactory in service. The last locomotives produced by Baldwin were three experimental RP-210 dual power passenger locomotives for the New York Central and New York, New Haven, and Hartford rail lines in 1956.

In 1956, after 125 years of continuous locomotive production, Baldwin closed most of its Eddystone plant and ceased producing locomotives. The company instead concentrated on production of heavy construction equipment.^[35] More than 70,500 locomotives had been built when production ended. In 1965 Baldwin became a wholly owned subsidiary of Armour and Company.^[40]Greyhound Corporation purchased Armour and Company in 1970, and in 1972 Greyhound closed Baldwin-Lima-Hamilton for good.^[41]

Locomotives[edit]

Later steam locomotives[edit]

Baldwin built many 4-4-0 'American' type locomotives (the locomotive that built America). Surviving examples of which include the 1872 Countess of Dufferin and 1875's Virginia and Truckee RailroadNo.22 'Inyo', but it was perhaps best known for the 2-8-2 'Mikado' and 2-8-0 'Consolidation' types. It was also well known for the unique cab-forward 4-8-8-2 articulateds built for the Southern Pacific Company and massive 2-10-2 for the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. Baldwin also produced their most powerful steam engines in history, the 2-8-8-4 'Yellowstone' for the Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range Railway. The Yellowstone could put down over 140,000 lbf (622.8 kN) of Tractive force. They routinely hauled 180 car trains weighing over 18,000 short tons (16,071 long tons; 16,329 t). The Yellowstones were so good that the DM&IR refused to part with them; they hauled ore trains well into the diesel era, and the last one retired in 1963. Three have been preserved. One of Baldwin's last new and improved locomotive designs were the 4-8-4 'Northern' locomotives. Baldwin's last domestic steam locomotives were 2-6-6-2s built for the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway in 1949. Baldwin 60000, the company's 1926 demonstration steam locomotive, is on display at the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia. On a separate note, the restored and running 2-6-2 steam locomotive at Fort Edmonton Park was built by Baldwin in 1919.

Preserved Baldwin steam locomotives

There are many Baldwin built steam locomotives currently operating in the United States, Canada, and several other countries around the world. Out of all the Baldwin built steam locomotives that are operational or have operated in recent years, the most recognized locomotives are Reading 2101, Southern Railway 4501, Frisco 1522, Nickel Plate 587, Southern Pacific 2467, Southern Pacific 2472, Spokane, Portland and Seattle 700, the oldest surviving 4-8-4 Northern type steam locomotive, Santa Fe 3751, and the last domestic steam locomotive Baldwin built, Chesapeake and Ohio 1309.

In Australia, five of the twenty NSW 59 class Baldwin 2-8-2s which entered service in 1952-3 survive.^{[42][circular reference]} NSW had several classes of 19th century Baldwin locomotives including the L.304 (later Z21) class 2-6-0s;^{[43][circular reference]} the O.446 (later Z23) class 4-6-0s;^{[44][circular reference]} and the J.483 (later Z29) class 2-8-0s,^{[45][circular reference]} of which none survive.

Narrow gauge and unconventional[edit]

Baldwin Locomotive Works built steam engines for narrow-gauge railways as well. They also built many boilers for heating and powering buildings and industry. One of the more notable series of narrow gauge locomotives built by Baldwin was the K-36 class Mikados of the Denver and Rio Grande Western RR. Built in 1925, the fleet of ten has seen only one scrapped (485 in 1955, as a result of falling into the turntable pit in Salida, CO). All of the nine remaining engines are operating today on the Durango and Silverton Narrow Gauge Railroad, or the Cumbres and Toltec Scenic Railroad.

Baldwin Hamilton Piano Serial Number

New Zealand Railways (NZR) was a major customer from 1879 when it imported six 2-8-0 based on the Denver and Rio Grande locomotives due to their similar rail gauge, these were given the road class of T. The next was a double emergency order of six 2-6-2 classed N and six 2-8-0 classed O after a British order for similar locomotives failed to meet ontime delivery and weight limitations specified in contract. Baldwins seized on the opportunity to impress the NZR with a prompt six-month delivery of all 12 locomotives. Thereafter NZR ordered Baldwin products to complement home built locomotives, including Tank versions 2-6-2 Wb and 2-6-4 Wd classes. Another four of the hard working N class were purchased in 1901. The popular 4-6-0 class of 22 Ub locomotives consisting of 10 1898 flat valve and 10 1901 piston valve (Baldwins supplying all but two) proved themselves well at the turn of the twentieth century with the last retiring as late as 1958. A requirement for a larger firebox version of the class ended up creating a whole new locomotive with the birth of the 4-6-2 wheel arrangement, the Pacific was born. They were classed as Q in NZR service and remained in use until 1957. Being a new type of locomotive, the Q class had their shortcomings but eventually performed well (Only one engine has been preserved, originally sold to the Newfoundland Railway in September 1920. Engine #593, affectionately known as the 'Newfie Bullet', is being restored in Corner Brook, Newfoundland, Canada.)^[46] In 1914 a later larger improved version, and last Baldwin product to be purchased by NZR was classed as Aa. They lasted until 1959. Like all American locomotives produced at the time, the Baldwins had 'short' lifespans built into them but the NZR were happy to re-boiler almost their whole fleet to give them a longer life of hard work. NZR were generally happy with their Baldwin fleet. A private Railway operating in New Zealand at the time exclusively purchased Baldwin products after facing the same difficulties with British builders the NZR had. The Wellington and Manawatu Railway (1881–1909) operated small fleets of 2-8-0(4), 2-6-2(6), 2-8-2(1), 4-6-0(2) and a large 2-8-4(1) tank locomotive. When the NZR took over the railway, its fleet was absorbed into sub-classes of those operating already in the main fleet. When NZR placed tenders for diesel locomotives in the 1950s, Baldwins applied but failed when EMD won the contract instead. Surprisingly only one NZR Baldwin product is operational, a class Wd 2-6-4 tank locomotive operating at the Ferrymead railway in Christchurch, the remains of a WMR 2-6-2 N, NZR 4-6-0 Ub, and two NZR 2-6-2 Wb tank locomotives are in the early stages of restoration.

A six-ton, 60-cm gauge 4-4-0 built for the Tacubaya Railroad in 1897 was the smallest ever built by Baldwin for commercial use.^[47]

Baldwin Hamilton Piano Serial Number

In the late 1890s, many British builders were recovering from an engineers' strike over working hours, leaving backlogs of orders yet to be fulfilled. This prompted British railways that were in immediate need for additional motive power to turn to Baldwin and other US builders. Examples of engines built in response include three batches of 2-6-0 tender engines for the Midland Railway, Great Central Railway^[48], and Great Northern Railway, respectively, as well as the Lyn, a 2-4-2T(tank locomotive) for the 1 ft 11.5 in (597 mm) gauge Lynton and Barnstaple Railway in England in 1898. The Cape Government Railways of South Africa also bought engines from Baldwin as a result of the strikes. Unfortunately, many of these engines were unpopular with the crews due to their designs being atypical, and many, including all of those built for the three standard gauge British railways and the Lynton and Barnstaple's Lyn, were scrapped when no longer needed. A replica of the latter locomotive is currently under construction for the revived Lynton & Barnstaple Railway.^[49]

Also during the late 1890s, two 2-6-2T 'Prairie' tank engines were built for the Victorian Railways (V.R.) who gave them an 'NA' classification and road numbers of 1A and 2A. They were used as a trial on the new 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) narrow gauge railways. Fifteen more NA class locomotives were built by the V.R., numbered 3A–17A. Unfortunately, only six have survived and both of the original Baldwin engines were among those scrapped.

To supply troops in France, 495 4-6-0PTs were built to the order of the British War Department in 1916/7. After the war surplus locomotives were sold, finding new uses in France, Britain and India. In Britain examples were used on the Ashover Light Railway, Glyn Valley Tramway, Snailbeach District Railways and the Welsh Highland Railway. The Welsh Highland Railway in Wales bought No 590, in 1923. It was apparently unpopular with crews although photographs show that it was used regularly until the railway was closed. It was scrapped in 1941 when the derelict railway's assets were requisitioned for the war effort. Some of the surviving examples in India have since been imported to the UK, one of which by the Welsh Highland Railway Ltd. who has restored it to represent the scrapped 590. Other Baldwin 4-6-0PT's imported from India include one owned by the Leighton Buzzard Railway-based Greensand Railway Trust that has been restored to working order, as well as two acquired by the Statfold Barn Railway in March 2013.

Baldwin also built six engines for the Manitou and Pike's Peak Railway, three of which were delivered in 1890, with the fourth being delivered in 1897. These engines featured steeply inclined boilers and used the Abt rack system to propel them up the average 16 percent grade. The last Baldwin engine was taken out of regular service in 1955. During the following years the engines were used as back-up engines and for snow removal. Three of the engines are currently on static display around Colorado. One (No. 1) is located at the Colorado Railroad Museum in Golden, Colorado. The other two on display are located in Manitou Springs, Colorado: one (No. 2) near city hall and the other (No. 5) at the Manitou and Pike's Peak Railway depot. The engine No. 4 is still in limited operation for photo opportunities and special events. However, it no longer completes the journey to the top of Pike's Peak due to the fact that many of the water tanks along the line have been removed. Engines No. 3 and No. 6 were scrapped and used for parts over the years.

Number 6 (builder plate number 12288), a 36' 2-6-0 was built by Baldwin in 1891 for the Surry Sussex & Southampton Railway in Virginia. The SS&S installed Southern valve gear, a graceful outside drive gear. The 6 was eventually sold to the Argent Lumber Company in South Carolina. In 1960, the 6 was purchased by southeastern Iowa's Midwest Central Railroad as part of a package deal including the 2 (below). It was the first locomotive to operate on a regular basis at the MCRR and was their main engine until 1971 when it was taken out of service for a major overhaul. Completed in 1988, this ground up rebuild included a new boiler and conversion to oil fire. A 'medium' boiler repair was started in 2009, with the work completed in September 2010, in time for the 2010 Midwest Old Thresher's Reunion.

The Midwest Central Railroad also owns Number 2, a 36' 2-6-0, which was built for the New Berlin & Winfield Railroad in 1906. The NB&W operated an 8-mile (13 km) line in Pennsylvania for an agricultural community. The 2 hauled freight and passengers on this small operation until the mid-1910s. In 1917, the locomotive was sold to the Argent Lumber Company in South Carolina where it worked along with the 6 in swamp trackage, hauling logs to the mill in Hardeeville. Upon arrival at the MCRR in 1960, it received substantial repairs and was put into service by the early 1970s, replacing the 6 as the MCRR's main engine. In 1987, the 2 was taken out of service for a complete rebuild which is still in progress as of January 2011.

The Walt Disney World Railroad, which runs around the Magic Kingdom in Florida, has four operational Baldwin locomotives: a 1916 Class 8-C 4-4-0 No. 4 (The Roy O. Disney), twin locomotives No. 1 and No. 3, both 1925 Class 10-D 4-6-0 designs (The Walter E. Disney and the Roger E. Broggie, respectively) and a 1928 Class 8-D 2-6-0 No. 2 (The Lilly Belle).^[50][51] They originally worked on the Ferrocarriles Unidos de Yucatán, a 3 ft (914 mm) railroad that operated in the state of Yucatán in Mexico.^[50] In the late 1960s, they were all purchased by Disney imagineers Roger E. Broggie and Earl Vilmer for $8,000 each and restored to operating condition, while significantly altered from their original appearance to resemble steam locomotives from the 1880s.^[50][52] Three other operational Baldwin locomotives exist at Disneyland Park in California.

Electric locomotives[edit]

From the early years of the 20th century Baldwin had a relationship with the Westinghouse Electric Company to build electric locomotives for the American market. The electric locomotive was increasingly popular; electrification was expensive, but for high traffic levels or mountainous terrain it could pay for itself, and in addition some cities like New York, were banning the steam locomotive because of its pollution and the propensity for accidents in smoke-choked terminals. Baldwin built or subcontracted out the bodywork and running gear, and Westinghouse built the electrical gear. Both combined to have a similar arrangement with the Netherlands N.V. Heemaf and Werkspoor [nl] for the foreign markets.^[53]

Baldwin built the famed EP-1 (1906), EF-1 (1912) and EP-2 (1923) box cab electric locomotives for the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad. Baldwin also delivered the EP-3 box cab electric locomotives to the Milwaukee Road for use on their line between Harlowton, Montana, and Avery, Idaho.

Baldwin built several electric locomotive types for the Pennsylvania Railroad as well including the P5A, R1 and the famed GG1. Baldwin built the first GG1 prototype electric locomotive for use on the Pennsylvania Railroad's electrified line, which was completed in 1935 between New York and Washington, D.C.

Steam-turbine locomotives[edit]

In the waning years of steam Baldwin also undertook several attempts at alternative technologies to diesel power. In 1944 Baldwin outshopped an S2 class 6-8-6steam turbine locomotive for the Pennsylvania Railroad.

Between 1947 and 1948 Baldwin built three coal-fired steam turbine-electric locomotives of a unique design, for passenger service on the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (C&O), who numbered them 500 to 502 and classified them M-1. The 6,000 horsepower (4,500 kW) units, which were equipped with Westinghouse electrical systems and had a 2-C1+2-C1-B wheel arrangement, were 106 feet (32 m) long, making them the longest locomotives ever built for passenger service. The cab was mounted in the center, with a coal bunker ahead of it and a backwards-mounted boiler behind it, the tender only carrying water. These locomotives were intended for a route from Washington, D.C., to Cincinnati, Ohio, but could never travel the whole route without some sort of failure. Coal dust and water frequently got into the traction motors. These problems could have been fixed given time, but it was obvious that these locomotives would always be expensive to maintain, and all three were scrapped in 1950.

In May 1954 Baldwin built a 4,500 horsepower (3,400 kW) steam turbine-electric locomotive for freight service on the Norfolk and Western Railway (N&W), nicknamed the 'Jawn Henry' after the legend of John Henry, a steel-driver on a track crew who famously raced against a steam drill and won, only to die immediately afterwards. The unit was similar in appearance to the C&O turbines but very different mechanically; it had a C+C-C+C wheel arrangement, and an improved watertube boiler which was fitted with automatic controls. Unfortunately the boiler controls were sometimes problematic, and, as with the C&O turbines, coal dust and water got into the motors. 'Jawn Henry' was retired from the N&W roster on January 4, 1958.

Diesel-Electric Locomotives[edit]

See also List of Baldwin diesel locomotives

Baldwin switchers were well known for their haulage ability, but the company remained fond of steam power and was slow to make the jump to building reliable diesel road locomotives. Though fairly successful in the marketplace, Baldwin diesels did not do so well as others. Thanks to their robust Westinghouse electrical gear, they were excellent haulers, but the diesel prime movers were less reliable than comparable EMD and Alco products. The last Baldwin diesels were delivered in 1956.

Gas turbine-electric locomotives[edit]

In April 1950, Baldwin and Westinghouse completed an experimental 4,000 hp (3,000 kW) gas turbine locomotive, numbered 4000, known as the 'Blue Goose', with a B-B-B-Bwheel arrangement. The locomotive used two 2,000 hp (1,500 kW) turbine engines fueled by Bunker C fuel oil, was equipped for passenger train heating with a steam generator that utilized the waste exhaust heat of the right hand turbine, and was geared for 100 miles per hour (160 km/h) While it was demonstrated successfully in both freight and passenger service on the PRR, MKT, and CNW, no production orders followed, and it was scrapped in 1953.^[54]

Baldwin Hamilton Serial Number List

Street railways and tramway steam motors[edit]

As well as railway locomotives, Baldwin built street tramway steam motors in large numbers for operators in the United States and worldwide. There were three basic models, with 9-inch, 11-inch and 13-inch motors, the sizes being determined by the cylinder size rather than the boiler capacity. These were largely superseded by electric tramcars, but some were built and operated well into the 20th century for systems that were never electrified. There were well over 100 built for the New South Wales Government Tramways in Sydney Australia from 1879–1910. Mostly 11' and 0-4-0 in configuration.

Two operational NSWGT surviving steam motors:

• Baldwin 11676 of 1891 NSWGT No. 103 Valley Heights Locomotive Depot Heritage Museum, New South Wales, Australia.
• Baldwin 11665 of 1891 NSWGT No. 100 Museum of Transport and Technology, Auckland, NZ. No.100 was latterly used in Wanganui, New Zealand 1910–1950.

Other Baldwin steam motor operators included:

Hamilton Watch Serial Number Chart

• The Takapuna Tramways and Ferry Company, Auckland, New Zealand 1910–1927. Route was from Bayswater to Milford via Takapuna and Lake Pupuke. No surviving locomotives.

See also[edit]

• Samuel M. Vauclain Designer and Railway pioneer

References[edit]

1. ^'Pennsylvania Historical Marker Search'. PHMC. Retrieved 3 November 2018.
2. ^Morris, Charles R. Morris; illustrations by J.E. (2012). The dawn of innovation : the first American Industrial Revolution (1st ed.). New York: PublicAffairs. p. 220. ISBN978-1-58648-828-4.
3. ^Alexander 2003, p. 26.
4. ^Warner 1924, p. 7.
5. ^Kerr, James (1983). Illustrated Treasury of Baldwin Locomotives (First ed.). Alburg, VT: DPA-LTA Enterprises, Inc. p. 4. ISBN091929510X.
6. ^Brown 1995, p. 9.
7. ^ ^abBrown 1995, p. 19.
8. ^Brown 1995, p. 20.
9. ^Brown 1995, p. 21.
10. ^ ^abcBrown 1995, p. 25.
11. ^Brown 1995, p. 27.
12. ^Brown 1995, p. 244.
13. ^Arnold, Horace L. 'Modern Machine-Shop Economics. Part II' in Engineering Magazine 11. 1896
14. ^Horace Lucian Arnold (Henry Roland). 'Six examples of successful shop management. IV. Pre-Eminent Success of the Differential Piece Rate System' Engineering Magazine 12. 1897. p. 831-37.
15. ^* Francis G. Burton. The Commercial Management of Engineering Works. (1899). p. 148.
16. ^Hexamer, Ernest (1874), 'Baldwin Locomotive Works', Hexamer General Surveys, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, 9, plates 756–758.
17. ^ ^abcdefgBrown 1995, p. 216.
18. ^Brown 1995, pp. 208–214.
19. ^'The Rise of the Interstate Commerce Commission'. Yale Law Journal. 24 (7): 534–535. May 1915. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
20. ^Brown 1995, p. 215.
21. ^Brown 1995, p. 241.
22. ^Brown 1995, p. 228.
23. ^Westing 1982, pp. 76–85.
24. ^Cotterell 1984, pp. 28–29.
25. ^Marx 1976, p. 5.
26. ^'Railroads To Try Diesel Locomotive', Special to the New York Times, p. 1, February 18, 1925
27. ^Pinkepank 1973, p. 283.
28. ^Pinkepank 1973, p. 409.
29. ^Churella 1998, pp. 28-30.
30. ^ ^abcdMarx 1976, p. 15.
31. ^ ^abMarx 1976, p. 16.
32. ^Marx 1976, p. 12.
33. ^National Archives, U.S. Federal Court, Northern District of Illinois, Western Division, Bankruptcy No. 2065, filed March 5, 1931
34. ^Archives of the Circuit Court of Cook County, Illinois, Case No. 34C 1936, filed February 14, 1934
35. ^ ^abMarx 1976, p. 17.
36. ^ ^abSloan 1964, pp. 341–353.
37. ^Whitcomb Locomotive Works
38. ^Peck, Merton J. & Scherer, Frederic M.The Weapons Acquisition Process: An Economic Analysis (1962) Harvard Business School p.619.
39. ^ ^abMarx 1976, p. 18.
40. ^Staff Writer. 'BLH, Armour Plan Merger; $87 Million Value is Seen.' Delaware County Daily Times 2 April 1965: 2.
41. ^Staff Writer. ' 140-Year-Old Industry Dies: BLH Plant Grinds to a Halt' Delaware County Daily Times 29 April 1972: 1.
42. ^New South Wales D59 class locomotive
43. ^New South Wales Z21 class locomotive
44. ^New South Wales Z23 class locomotive
45. ^New South Wales Z29 class locomotive
46. ^'The Newfoundland Railway'. yourrailwaypictures.com.
47. ^Best 1968, p. 75.
48. ^https://transportsofdelight.smugmug.com/RAILWAYS/LOCOMOTIVES-OF-LNER-CONSTITUENT-COMPANIES/LOCOMOTIVES-OF-THE-GREAT-CENTRAL-RAILWAY/i-5GjJ6XT/
49. ^762club, Project to recreate Baldwin 2-4-2 Lyn
50. ^ ^abcBroggie, Michael. Walt Disney's Railroad Story: The Small-Scale Fascination That Led to a Full-Scale Kingdom, 4th ed., pp. 316-325, The Donning Company Publishers, 2014. ISBN978-1-57864-914-3.
51. ^Leaphart (2016), pp. 37–65.
52. ^Leaphart (2016), pp. 104–106.
53. ^Jasper Faber The Perils and Advantages of Licensing Technology in the Electrical Industry: Heemaf 1908-1970http://www.gtg.tu-berlin.de/.../306-jasper-faber-the-perils-and-advantages... also Heemaf [nl] (Dutch)
54. ^Lee, Thos. R.: 'Turbines Westward', pages 48,49, T.Lee Publications, 1975, ISBN0-916244-01-6

Bibliography[edit]

• Alexander, E.P. (2003), Iron Horses: American Locomotives 1829-1900, Courier Dover Publications, ISBN0-486-42531-2
• Best, Gerald M. (1968), Mexican Narrow Gauge, Howell-North Books.
• Brown, John K. (1995), The Baldwin Locomotive Works, 1831-1915: A Study in American Industrial Practice, Studies in Industry and Society series, Baltimore, Maryland, USA: Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN978-0-8018-5047-9.
• Churella, Albert J. (1998). From Steam to Diesel: Managerial Customs and Organizational Capabilities in the Twentieth-Century American Locomotive Industry. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN978-0-691-02776-0.
• Cotterell, Paul (1984), The Railways of Palestine and Israel, Abingdon: Tourret Publishing, ISBN0-905878-04-3.
• Marx, Thomas G. (1976), 'Technological Change and the Theory of the Firm: The American Locomotive Industry, 1920–1955', Business History Review (50.1): 5–18.
• Pinkepank, Jerry A. (1973), The Second Diesel Spotter's Guide, Milwaukee, Wis.: Kalmbach Publishing Co., ISBN0-89024-026-4
• Sloan, Alfred P. (1964), McDonald, John (ed.), My Years with General Motors, Garden City, NY, USA: Doubleday, LCCN64011306, OCLC802024.Republished in 1990 with a new introduction by Peter Drucker (ISBN978-0385042352).
• Warner, Paul Theodore (1924), Motive Power Development on the Pennsylvania Railroad System, 1831-1924, Pennsylvania Railroad Company.
• Westing, Frederick (1982) [1966], The locomotives that Baldwin built. Containing a complete facsimile of the original 'History of the Baldwin Locomotive Works, 1831-1923', Crown Publishing Group, ISBN978-0-517-36167-2, LCCN66025422
• Leaphart, David (2016). Walt Disney World Railroads Part 3: Yucatan Jewels (1st ed.). Steel Wheel on Steel Rail Studio. ISBN978-1-533-03707-7.

Further reading[edit]

• Baldwin Locomotive Works (1897), History of the Baldwin Locomotive Works from 1831 to 1897, Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company
• History of the Baldwin Locomotive Works, Philadelphia: The Edgell company, 1903

External links[edit]

• SteamLocomotive.com - a large amount of information on steam locomotives.
• Baldwin Locomotive Works collection (engine registers and order books) 1833-1956 Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution.
• Baldwin Locomotive Works drawings, 1870 - 1890 Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution.
• The Baldwin Locomotive Works Records, 1825-1869, including correspondence, accounts, diagrams and illustrations, are available for research use at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
• Baldwin-Lima-Hamilton Corporation Records, 1854-1925 (5.5 linear ft.) are housed in the Department of Special Collections and University Archives at Stanford University Libraries
• Baldwin Locomotive Works: Illustrated Catalogue of Locomotives, 1871 is located at the Special Collections/Digital Library in Falvey Memorial Library at Villanova University.
• Baldwin Locomotive Works engine specifications, 1869-1938 78 manuscript volumes digitized from microfilm reels containing engine specifications of locomotives built for various United States and foreign railroad companies. DeGolyer Library holds Volumes 5-82.
• Baldwin Locomotive Works builders cards held by the DeGolyer Library, Southern Methodist University.
• Baldwin Locomotive Works Engineering Drawings held by the DeGolyer Library, Southern Methodist University.
• Works by Baldwin Locomotive Works at Project Gutenberg
• Works by or about Baldwin Locomotive Works at Internet Archive

The RP-210 was a streamlined 1,000 hp (750 kW) locomotive built in 1956 by Baldwin-Lima-Hamilton, specifically to operate with the experimental, all-aluminum Train-X, produced by Pullman Car Company. The model represented Baldwin's attempted entry into the lightweight passenger locomotive market, but only three of the low-slung diesel-hydraulic units were produced. The first was built for the New York Central Railroad to power their Xplorer train between Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati, and a pair was purchased by the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad to double-end their Dan'l Webster, running between New York City and Boston.^[1]

The New Haven's RP-210s, with their three independent power systems, were among the most complex railroad locomotives in America. They featured a German high-speed dieselprime mover with a hydraulic transmission, an auxiliary-diesel and generator for on-train power, and two externally energized electric traction motors. The unique RP-210 was the last locomotive design to bear the Baldwin name. Along with the lightweight trains it powered, the RP-210 was unsuccessful in achieving stated goals and its service life was short.

Mechanical[edit]

The New Haven and New York Central locomotives were close sisters but not physical or mechanical twins. The most obvious difference was the traditional Baldwin shark nose front to be found on the New York Central machine. The three 99-short-ton (88-long-ton) units measured 58 ft 9 in (17.91 m) long by 10 ft 6 in (3.20 m) wide by 11 ft 0 in (3.35 m) high, and were configured in a B-2 wheel arrangement, with only the first two axles diesel-powered and geared for 120 mph (190 km/h).

The RP-210's twelve-cylinder 1,000 horsepower (750 kW) German Maybach MD-655 main diesel engine was mounted rigidly to (and pivoted with) the Mekydro hydraulic-transmission (renamed Mechydro by Baldwin) on the locomotive's front truck. An auxiliary Maybach engine—turbocharged 8-cylinder MD-440 hp (330 kW) on the NYC unit, and turbo-charged 6-cylinder MD-330 hp (245 kW) on the New Haven units—powered the locomotives' accessories and a 480-volt generator to provide head-end power for train lighting, air-conditioning, and other ancillary loads.

Two small 150-hp (110 kW) electric-traction motors were also fitted to each New Haven locomotive.^[2] These were to draw their 660-Volt DC power from the New York Central's Third Rail (3rd-rail) system, when moving the train through the final few miles of the Park Avenue Tunnel (railroad) into New York City's Grand Central Terminal. As the track speed there is limited to 35 mph or less, the small traction motors at the front and rear of the lightweight train (a combined 600-hp) were considered adequate.

Operational[edit]

The Dan'l Webster was delivered to the New Haven in early October 1956 and began test runs on its Shoreline Route between Boston and New York. The last 12.8 miles of the westbound trip sees trains passing through the third-rail electrified Harlem Division of the New York Central. The final 3 miles of this route is through the railroad's Park Avenue tunnel into Grand Central Terminal. Here the RP-210 locomotive was required to shut down its diesel engine and utilize electric traction motors.

Baldwin Hamilton Piano Serial Number

To meet the need for dual-powered operation, the New Haven's Bronx-based Van Nest electrical shops initially fitted the Baldwin units with one third-rail contact-shoe per side, bolted to a reinforced journal box bracket on the lead axle of the locomotive's rear truck. This placement was necessitated by the unusually wide gap between the axles on the locomotive's front truck in the diesel-hydraulic design. However, experience had shown that a locomotive required two power collection shoes per side, as widely spaced as possible. This allowed for one of them to fail, and also limited the possibility that (if the train was suddenly forced to stop) the locomotive's contact-shoe might be short of the next section of energized 3rd-rail. Given the reduced power of the RP-210's small traction motors (300-hp), having only the front or rear locomotive unit of the Dan'l Webster positioned to draw 3rd-rail power would have made it difficult to accelerate the train (approximately 390 tons with passengers) from a standing stop. It might have been necessary to start the RP-210 diesel engine to move it to the next section of available trackside power. That would have violated a New York City ordinance requiring exhaust-free motive power in the terminal and tunnels.

So the Van Nest engineers and mechanics scrambled to design a full-length support bracket for the RP-210's lead truck, and attached a rather unconventional contact-shoe assembly to it. The work was completed just prior to the pre-inaugural press run of the train, scheduled for January 7, 1956, with regular service to commence the following day. The electrical shop supervisors advised against putting the new 3rd-rail shoes into service without proper testing but were overruled by a superior.^[3]

On January 7, the Dan'l Webster left Boston with New Haven president, George Alpert, and about 225 newsmen, promoters, politicians, and railroad managers aboard for the press-run. Things went well enough until the train merged from New Haven's track #1 to New York Central's track #2, opposite JO tower at Woodlawn Junction in the North Bronx. There a contact-shoe on the aft RP-210 unit misaligned with the underside of the 3rd-rail, as it passed through the switch-point. The damaged contact scraped along the energized rail, creating a ground arc of electricity which set the locomotive's truck ablaze and began to melt away the aluminum side-skirting above it.^[4]

The train made an emergency stop on the southbound express track at Woodlawn (Metro-North station). New York Police and Fire Department units were called to the scene and mainline service was disrupted for two hours. Minus the rear RP-210 locomotive and the last coach (which could not be detached, due to fire damage), the rest of the Dan'l Webster eventually proceeded on to Grand Central in New York City. While being towed back to Van Nest shops by a switcher engine, the lightweight coach attached to the damaged locomotive derailed near Pelham Station in Westchester, resulting in an additional four-hour delay for evening commuters. On January 21, Time Magazine crowned the public relations fiasco with a national news story titled, 'The Devil & Dan'l Webster'.^[5][6]

The lightweight train's inaugural service run was postponed until March 25, and the RP-210 units underwent further modifications to their 3rd-rail power contacts. A larger and more traditional mechanism, which the New Haven had regularly fastened to the journal boxes of their electric locomotives, was modified to fit the front and rear trucks. Winter testing saw some complications due to snow and icing, but this wasn't unexpected with 3rd-rail operations, and could be viewed as abating with a change of season.^[7]

One more electric traction challenge remained. Between 47th and 59th Streets, the complexity of Grand Central's roadbed switching did not allow for an unbroken length of trackside 3rd-rail. So when the electrification was designed in 1905, an energized overhead rail was put in place to fill these power gaps. All New Haven and New York Central electric locomotives operating into the terminal were equipped with a small spring-tension roof-pantograph, mounted on a telescoping pole which extended to the overhead power supply. Standing only 11 feet tall (about 2 feet shorter than average), the low-slung Baldwin locomotives again presented a problem not previously encountered. The traditional roof-mounted pantograph could not telescope far enough to reach the overhead 660-volt DC power rail. New Haven's Van Nest engineers realized that a small diamond-style pantograph (transport) would be needed to attain the required height. They found their solution perched atop Boston's Blue Line (MBTA)Revere Extension subway cars.^[8]

The New York Central's Xplorer began a system-wide promotional tour on June 3, 1956, which included exhibition at New York's Grand Central Terminal. The train entered revenue service on July 15, 1956, as the Ohio Explorer, between Cleveland and Cincinnati. It continued on the route until August 17, 1957, when it was demoted to commutation runs between Chicago, Illinois, and Elkhart, Indiana, as trains #741 and #210. In late 1958, it was final withdrawn from operation. The New Haven's Dan'l Webster lasted less than 15 months in service, from March 25, 1957, until June 5, 1958.

Both trains struggled with poor riding qualities and numerous mechanical issues, including transmission overheating in the Maybach diesel-hydraulic powertrain. Road mechanics were unfamiliar with the foreign prime mover, and reported having to forage for metric hardware components at local Volkswagen dealerships. The Maybach maintenance-manuals supplied for the diesel engines were only available in German.^[9] At the New York Central's Collinwood Shops in Cleveland, where the RP-210 and its train became frequent visitors, maintenance crews first dubbed the new equipment, Mighty Mouse, for its relatively diminutive stature, and the whiskers-and-mouth effect suggested by the logo on the locomotive's shark-nose front. The railroad's new lightweight response to passenger service woes appeared to fit the Terrytoons character's motto,'Here I come to save the day!' But numerous mechanical frustrations soon led them to re-label the train's diesel-hydraulic loco, the 'Xploder'. On the New Haven, engine troubles were compounded by continuing difficulties in positioning and maintaining the 3rd-rail contacts. This resulted in the Dan'l Webster being shifted to the railroad's non-electrified Springfield Route (New Haven-Hartford-Springfield) as the winter of 1958 approached. The names New Haven maintenance crews came to call the train are unprintable.

The RP-210s were delivered to the New Haven RR a month before the first production model of the EMD FL-9 Electric-Diesel-Electric-Road locomotive (EDER in New Haven terminology) was completed by GM's Electro Motive Diesel division in Illinois. Despite this, the GM EMD units would receive the classification EDER-5 on the railroad's motive power roster, while the earlier Baldwin RP-210s were designated EDER-6. The FL-9 would prove to be everything the RP-210 was not. Over the next four years, the New Haven took delivery of sixty units. The last of these were retired from mainline operations in 2009, after a half-century of service.^[10]

Disposition[edit]

The New York Central's Xplorer train and its RP-210 diesel sat inactive until June 1963, when they were sold to Jones Tours, a subsidiary of the Pickens Railway, a Class-3 short-line in South Carolina, for use in passenger excursion service. The coaches and power units of the Dan'l Webster were moved to Cedar Hill Yards in East New Haven, and parked aside the yard office building in the dead motor storage section, adjacent to the old 44-stall roundhouse. There they weathered through two dozen changes of season, until August 24, 1964, when they were hauled away to join their New York Central cousin in this southern rail-tour enterprise. The arrival of the Dan'l Webster, with its twin RP-210 diesels, represented both an opportunity for tour expansion and needed spare parts. Jones Tours purchased the trains for little more than their scrap value (the original cost of the New Haven set had been $1,332,000.), and partially refurbished them at Pickens Railways' newly established car rebuilding plant on the property.

The Jones Tours Xplorers were hauled in passenger excursions, mostly between Charlotte, North Carolina, and Atlanta, Georgia, but ranged as far as Alabama and Florida. Pickens had a direct connection to the Southern Railway (U.S.) mainline at Easley, and to Seaboard Air Line Railroad, via the adjacent Greenville and Northern Railway (Class-3 short-line). The train was pulled by a locomotive of its Class-1 hosts (on Seaboard, usually a EMD GP-9), with in-train electricity provided by the auxiliary diesel-powered generator on board the Baldwin unit. The diesel-hydraulic prime-movers of the RP-210s remained operational for short trips over the Pickens, and the Greenville and Northern.

In 1967, Jones Tours (named after Pickens Railways' owner, James T. Jones of North Carolina) ended its rail-excursion service and parked both trains on a siding of the Greenville and Northern at Travelers Rest, South Carolina. From there, they were moved to the scrap yard in 1970.^[11]

Alan R. Cripe, who played a major role in the engineering development of Train-X under the auspices of the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad in the early-1950s, applied for inventor's patents covering some of the technology used in its design (January 10, 1956). Cripe later involved the Jones Tours train sets in evaluation tests for the development of his UAC TurboTrain during the mid-1960s. Unlike the Train X coaches, the gas-turbine powered TurboTrain utilized Cripe's car-tilting mechanics, for which he also sought a patent (May 11, 1966). These patents were granted in 1960 and 1969, respectively.

See also[edit]

• The Dan'l Webster, a lightweight aluminum talgo-type train built by Baldwin-Lima-Hamilton (RP-210) and Pullman-Standard for the New Haven Railroad.
• The Xplorer, a lightweight aluminum talgo-type train built by Baldwin-Lima-Hamilton (RP-210) and Pullman-Standard for the New York Central Railroad.
• The John Quincy Adams, a lightweight aluminum Talgo-licensed train built by Fairbanks-Morse (FM P-12-42) and American Car and Foundry for the New Haven Railroad.
• The Speed Merchant, a lightweight aluminum Talgo-licensed train built by Fairbanks-Morse (FM P-12-42) and American Car and Foundry for the Boston and Maine Railroad.
• The Aerotrain (GM) #1000 and 1001 (EMD LWT12), lightweight bus-body coach aluminum trains built by GM EMD. Leased to four US railroads, then sold to the Rock Island Line.
• The Jet Rocket, a hybrid lightweight aluminum Talgo-licensed train built by GM EMD (EMD LWT12) and American Car and Foundry (talgo coaches) for the Rock Island Line.
• The Roger Williams, a low center of gravity DMU train built by the Budd Company for the New Haven Railroad.
• The UAC TurboTrain, an articulated, high-speed, gas-turbine powered aluminum train built by United Aircraft and Pullman. Initially, for the US-Department of Transportation.
• The British Rail Class 35Hymek locomotive, powered by the same combination of Maybach engine and Mekydro transmission as the Baldwin RP-210.

Notes[edit]

1. ^Dolzall, Stephen F. (1984). Diesels From Eddystone: The story of Baldwin Diesel Locomotives. Kalmbach Publishing. p. 69. ISBN0-89024-052-3.
2. ^Dolzall, Stephen F. (1984). Diesels From Eddystone: The story of Baldwin Diesel Locomotives. Kalmbach Publishing. p. 69. ISBN0-89024-052-3.
3. ^https://web.archive.org/web/20080807163517/http://www.kelseypub.com/ct-guide/railroad/danlfire.shtml
4. ^http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,865697,00.html
5. ^https://web.archive.org/web/20080807163517/http://www.kelseypub.com/ct-guide/railroad/danlfire.shtml
6. ^http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,865697,00.html
7. ^https://web.archive.org/web/20080807163517/http://www.kelseypub.com/ct-guide/railroad/danlfire.shtml
8. ^https://web.archive.org/web/20080807163517/http://www.kelseypub.com/ct-guide/railroad/danlfire.shtml
9. ^Dolzall, Stephen F. (1984). Diesels From Eddystone: The story of Baldwin Diesel Locomotives. Kalmbach Publishing. p. 69. ISBN0-89024-052-3.
10. ^Kadden, Jack (2005-11-06). 'The Last Stop Draws Near: Catching Up With the FL9'. New York Times. Retrieved 2013-04-30.
11. ^The Baldwin Diesel Zone - RP-210

References[edit]

Hamilton Serial Number Database

Baldwin Hamilton Serial Numbers

• Pinkepank, Jerry A. (1973). The Second Diesel Spotter's Guide. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Kalmbach Publishing. ISBN978-0-89024-026-7.
• Kirkland, John F. (November 1994). The Diesel Builders Volume 3: Baldwin Locomotive Works. Interurban Press. ISBN0-916374-93-9.
• Dolzall, Stephen F. (1984). Diesels From Eddystone: The story of Baldwin Diesel Locomotives. Kalmbach Publishing. ISBN0-89024-052-3.
• Doughty, Geoffrey H. (1998). The New Haven Railroad in the Streamline Era. TLC Publishing. ISBN1-883089-33-6.
• Doughty, Geoffrey H. (July 1997). New York Central and the Trains of the Future. Motorbooks International. ISBN1-883089-28-X.
• Shron, Jason (February 2008). TurboTrain: A Journey. Rapido Trains, Inc. ISBN0-978361-10-5.
• 'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on 2008-08-07. Retrieved 2009-03-18.Cite uses deprecated parameter |deadurl= (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
• Hartley, Scott (March 1993). 'The Unsinkable FL9'. Trains. Vol. 53 no. 3. pp. 34–41. ISSN0041-0934.
• Middleton, William D. (2001) [1974]. When the Steam Railroads Electrified (2nd ed.). Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN978-0-253-33979-9.